Cell Therapy

Cell therapy

Cell therapy (also called cellular therapy, cell transplantation, or cytotherapy) is a therapy in which viable cells are injected, grafted or implanted into a patient in order to effectuate a medicinal effect, for example, by transplanting T-cells capable of fighting cancer cells via cell-mediated immunity in the course of immunotherapy, or grafting stem cells to regenerate diseased tissues. Cell therapy originated in the nineteenth century when scientists experimented by injecting animal material in an attempt to prevent and treat illness. Although such attempts produced no positive benefit, further research found in the mid twentieth century that human cells could be used to help prevent the human body rejecting transplanted organs, leading in time to successful bone marrow transplantation as has become common practice in treatment for patients that have compromised bone marrow after disease, infection, radiation or chemotherapy. In recent decades, however, stem cell and cell transplantation has gained significant interest by researchers as a potential new therapeutic strategy for a wide range of diseases, in particular for degenerative and immunogenic pathologies.

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What Smackdown Vs. Raw 2009 matches do you play?

I play Inferno, Falls Count Anywhere, Locker Room Brawl, Royal Rumble, ECW Extreme Rules, Hell In A Cell & Standard Tag Team matches the most

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Cell lineage

Cell lineage denotes the developmental history of a tissue or organ from the fertilized embryo. This is based on the tracking of an organism's cellular ancestry due to the cell divisions and relocation as time progresses, this starts with the originator cells and finishing with a mature cell that can no longer divide. this type of lineage can be studied by marking a cell (with fluorescent molecules or other traceable markers) and following its progeny after cell division. Some organisms, such as C. elegans, have a predetermined pattern of cell progeny and the adult male will always consist of 1031 cells, this is because cell division in C. elegans is genetically determined and known as eutely. This causes the cell lineage and cell fate to be highly correlated. Other organisms, such as humans, have variable lineages and somatic cell numbers.

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Cajal–Retzius cell

Cajal-Retzius cells (CR cells) (also known as Horizontal cells of Cajal) are a heterogeneous population of morphologically and molecularly distinct reelin-producing cell types in the marginal zone/layer I of the developmental cerebral cortex and in the immature hippocampus of different species and at different times during embryogenesis and postnatal life. These cells were discovered by two scientists, Santiago Ramn y Cajal and Gustaf Retzius, at two different times and in different species. They are originated in the developing brain in multiple sites within the neocortex and hippocampus. From there, Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells migrate through the marginal zone, originating the layer I of the cortex. As these cells are involved in the correct organization of the developing brain, there are several studies implicating CR cells in neurodevelopmental disorders, especially schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism, lissencephaly and temporal lobe epilepsy.

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What are the structures called that protein is made on?

Proteins are synthesised by ribsomomes which are on the rough endoplasmic reticulum in a cell

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Numerical integration in Excel, help!!?

This gets long, and I ran out of space. ********************************** ********************************** Check whatever email you use for your Yahoo account for the rest of the answer. But this should at least get you started. ********************************** ********************************** Okay, let's start with the basics. Excel does not know what "x" is (unless you've assigned a name to a specific cell, but that's kind of an advanced topic, and is not what you want to do here, anyway). That's why it's giving you a #NAME error - it does not recognize the name "x". What Excel knows is, the value in cell A1, or the value in cell B17. So, you would enter a value for x into cell B17, say 1.5, and then type in another cell "=EXP(-B17^2)". But you do not want to work with one x value at a time. You want to generate a whole bunch of them between -2 and 2. So, let's say you want to use steps of size 0.1. That is, you want x = -2, x = -1.9, x = -1.8, etc. So, go to cell A1, and enter "x", so you know that column A will be for x values, and in cell B1, enter "f(x)". Then, in cell A2, enter "-2". In cell A3, you want to be 0.1 greater than cell A2. So, enter "=A2 0.1" (you can click on cell A2, or just type A2, to enter it in the formula). When you hit enter, you will see that the value displayed is -1.9. But if you click the cell again, you will see that in the text box at the top of the window, the original formula is still there. Now, you could keep going down, manually entering the equation to increment the x values. But that would take a while. Luckily, Excel can help you out. Select cell A3, by clicking. When a cell is selected, you will see a little black square in the lower right corner of the cell. Put the mouse on that square, left click and drag it down two or three cells, and release the mouse button. You should see values increasing by 0.1. If you click in cell A4, and look at the text box at the top of the window, you will note that the equation in A4 is "=A3 0.1". And in A5, the equation is "=A4 0.1". So, Excel has preserved the relative position of the referenced cell. Because you started with cell A3, which referenced one cell above (A2), cell A5 will also reference one cell above (A4). Still with me? Okay, now let's do this a slightly different way. Say you want to be able to change the size of the increment. Maybe you want 0.1 now, and 0.05 later. So, in cell C1, enter "increment". Then, in cell C2, enter "0.1". Now, in cell A3, instead of "=A2 0.1", you want to make a reference to cell C2. So, you would type "=A2 C2". But wait a second - remember that Excel uses relative references. If you were to drag this down a few cells, you would get "=A3 C3", "=A4 C4", etc. You need to tell Excel to not change from cell C2. You do that with dollar signs. A dollar sign before the column letter tells Excel not to change the column as you drag a formula horizontally. A dollar sign before the row number tells Excel not to change the row as you drag a formula vertically. So, in cell A3, you would enter "=A2 C$2". Then, dragging that down will give "=A3 C$2", "=A4 C$2", etc. Note that if you put the cursor in or immediately after a cell reference and press the F4 key, you can cycle through the various options - C2, $C$2, C$2, $C2, C2, . Now, drag the formula down until you have x values all the way up to 2. Now, let's focus on the f(x) values. In cell B2, you want to enter the formula for your function, referencing cell A2. "=EXP(-A2^2)". Then, we can drag that formula down; each new row will reference the x value that is immediately left of it. Now, here's a shortcut - instead of dragging this formula all the way to the bottom of the x values, you can just double click the square. (That will automatically drag that formula down until it reaches an empty adjoining cell, either to the right or left.) Note that, if you change the value in C2 from 0.1 to 0.05, your x values will no longer go up to 2, since the increment is smaller, but you have the same number of increments. There are ways around this, but they are somewhat advanced, so I wo not get into them. For now, if you change the increment, you will have to adjust the number of rows in your table until you stop at 2. Okay, so now you have a table of x and f(x) values. The first thing you might want to do is plot them. And what you really want to do is some numerical integration. But I am out of space. Email me and I will send you the rest of the answer.